Connectivity reality
~50% of world has weak/no mobile internet
~35% still off-net through 2025
SMS remains the only universal channel
Chargeback crisis
$33.79bn chargebacks 2025 → $41.69bn by 2028
36–70% friendly fraud
Issuers spend $9–10 per dispute
$3B+ issuer cost by 2028
Why current authentication fails
Banks only prove “OTP was entered”
Cannot prove device-bound user intent
Leads to legal & financial exposure